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Q.1. Explain the following: (a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in Britain in the 19th century, it sped up spinning and reduced the need for hand spinners. Many women workers depended on hand spinning for their livelihood. Fearing job loss and unemployment, they attacked the new machines […]

Q.1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the 17th century, choosing one from Asia and one from America.Asia: The silk routes are a classic example, connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa. These routes enabled the trade of Chinese pottery, textiles, and Indian spices. In return, Asia received

Q.1. Explain:(a) Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement? (b) How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?The First World War created a new economic and political situation in India: (c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act? (d)

Question 1(a). Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini.Giuseppe Mazzini (1807–1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and a leader of the movement for the unification of Italy. He inspired and led many revolutionary activities for Italian independence, envisioning a united, free, and republican Italy. Mazzini founded societies like Young Italy and Young Europe to mobilise youth

1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?Democracy requires elected representatives to be accountable to the people because they must face elections at regular intervals. Responsive governments address citizens’ needs and grievances, as they risk being voted out otherwise. Democratic governments base their authority on consent, laws, and a constitution, ensuring their

1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy. 2. What are the various challenges faced by political parties? 3. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well. 4. What is a political party?A political party is an organized group sharing similar ideas, working to gain political power,

1. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.Women face discrimination in education, employment, wages, property rights, health, and political representation. They often have less access to education and jobs, earn lower wages, and suffer from social evils like dowry and domestic violence. 2. State different forms of communal

1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa. 2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world. 3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one